Method for the calculation, analysis and spatial representation of the variable "time submerged below sea level during the last glaciation" on the Gulf of Cádiz continental shelf (Spain and Portugal)
Keywords:
sea level, glaciation, digital elevation models, shore platformAbstract
In this paper we have mapped the time in which the continental shelf of the Atlantic coast of Andalusia (Spain) and Algarve (Portugal) has been emerged during the last glaciation, using a digital elevation model and a sea level model developed from the heights of twelve subperiods that encompass the entire glaciation. Since the Gulf of Cádiz coast has a wide continental shelf, the emerged surface during the glaciation was greater than at present, being its size dependent on the position of the sea level. Additionally, the last glaciation sea level model is compared with another simplified model based on two sub-periods, one of almost 100,000 years, of sea level decline, and another of about 12,000 years, of sea level rise. The results show that broad sectors of the continental shelf remained emerged for long periods of time, and that the methodological proposal made is significantly more accurate than any other approach, including that of the proposed simplified model.
References
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FRAILE-JURADO, P., & OJEDA-ZÚJAR, J. The importance of the vertical accuracy of digital elevation models in gauging inundation by sea level rise along the Valdelagrana beach and marshes (Bay of Cádiz, SW Spain). Geo-Marine Letters, 2013, Vol. 33, Nª 2-3, p. 225-230.
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GRACIA, F. J., RODRÍGUEZ VIDAL, J., BENAVENTE, J., CÁCERES, L., & LÓPEZ AGUAYO, F. Tectónica cuaternaria en la Bahía de Cádiz. Avances en el estudio del Cuaternario español, 1999, Vol. 1, p. 67-74.
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LAMBECK, K., YOKOYAMA, Y., & PURCELL, T. Into and out of the Last Glacial Maximum: sea-level change during Oxygen Isotope Stages 3 and 2. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2002, Vol. 21, Nº 1-3, p. 343-360.
MALONE, A. G., PIERREHUMBERT, R. T., LOWELL, T. V., KELLY, M. A., & STROUP, J. S. onstraints on southern hemisphere tropical climate change during the Little Ice Age and Younger Dryas based on glacier modeling of the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2015, Vol. 125, p. 106-116.
MARKGRAF, V. Younger Dryas in southern South America?. Boreas, 1991, Vol. 20, Nº 1, p. 63-69.
MARKGRAF, V. Younger Dryas in southernmost South America—an update. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1993, Vol. 12, Nº 5, p. 351-355.
MILNE, G. A., LONG, A. J., & BASSETT, S. E. Modelling Holocene relative sea-level observations from the Caribbean and South America. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2005, Vol. 24, Nº 10-11, p. 1183-1202.
OJEDA ZÚJAR, J. (1989). La dinámica litoral reciente en la costa occidental de Andalucía. En: DÍAZ DEL OLMO, F., & RODRÍGUEZ VIDAL, J. Cuaternario en Andalucía Occidental. 1989, p. 123-132. Madrid: AEQUA.
OJEDA, J., ÁLVAREZ, J., MARTÍN, D., & FRAILE, P. El uso de las TIG para el cálculo del indice de vulnerabilidad costera (CVI) ante una potencial subida del nivel del mar en la costa andaluza (España). GeoFocus. Revista Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Información Geográfica, 2009, Nº 9, p. 83-100.
PAILLARD, D. Quaternary glaciations: from observations to theories. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2915, Vol. 107, p. 11-24.
PFEFFER, W. T., HARPER, J. T., & O'NEEL, S. Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-century sea-level rise. Science, 2008, Vol. 321, Nº 5894, p. 1340-1343.
PIRAZZOLI, P. A. Sea-level changes: the last 20 000 years. Oceanographic Literature Review, 1997, Vol. 8, Nº 44, p. 785.
POULTER, B., & HALPIN, P. N. Raster modelling of coastal flooding from sea‐level rise. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2008, Vol. 22. Nº 2, p. 167-182.
PRIETO CAMPOS, A. Metodología para el cálculo, explotación y difusión de líneas de costa y tasas de erosión a medio plazo (1956-2011) en Andalucía. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla, 2017.
RAHMSTORF, S. A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise. Science, 2007, Vol. 315, Nº 5810, p. 368-370.
RENSSEN, H., MAIRESSE, A., GOOSSE, H., MATHIOT, P., HEIRI, O., ROCHE, D. M., & VALDES, P. J. Multiple causes of the Younger Dryas cold period. Nature Geoscience, 2015, Vol. 8, Nº 12, p. 946.
ROSAS, F. M., DUARTE, J. C., TERRINHA, P., VALADARES, V., & MATIAS, L. Morphotectonic characterization of major bathymetric lineaments in Gulf of Cadiz (Africa–Iberia plate boundary): insights from analogue modelling experiments. Marine Geology, 2009, Vol. 261, Nº 1-4, p. 33-47.
SALVANY DURAN, J. M., MEDIAVILLA, C., & REBOLLO, A. Las formaciones Plio-Cuaternarias de El Abalario, en el litoral de la provincia de Huelva (España). Estudios geologicos (Madrid), 2010, Vol. 2, Nº 66, p. 209-225.
SATHIAMURTHY, E., & VORIS, H. K. Maps of Holocene sea level transgression and submerged lakes on the Sunda Shelf. Tropical Natural History, 2006, Vol. 2, p. 1-44.
SIDDALL, M., ROHLING, E. J., ALMOGI-LABIN, A., HEMLEBEN, C., MEISCHNER, D., SCHMELZER, I., & SMEED, D. A. Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. Nature, 2003, Vol. 423, Nº 6942, p. 853.
SILVA, P. G., BARDAJÍ, T., ROQUERO, E., BAENA-PREYSLER, J., CEARRETA, A., RODRÍGUEZ-PASCUA, M. A., & GOY, J. L. El Periodo Cuaternario: La Historia Geológica de la Prehistoria. Cuaternario y Geomorfología, 2017, Vol. 31, Nº 3-4, p. 113-154.
STOCKER, T. F., QIN, D., PLATTNER, G. K., TIGNOR, M., ALLEN, S. K., BOSCHUNG, J., & MIDGLEY, P. M. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis, 2013. Nueva Yotk: Cambridge University Press.
URIARTE, A. Historia del Clima de la Tierra, 2003. Bilbao: Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco.
VORIS, H. K. Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations. Journal of Biogeography, 2000, Vol 27, Nº 5, p. 1153-1167.
YI, S., YOO, D. G., & CHEUL KIM, J. Palynological implications for paleoceanography of South Sea, offshore Korea over the past 30,000 years: a preliminary result. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2018, Vol. 20, p. 110-119.
YOKOYAMA, Y., ESAT, T. M., THOMPSON, W. G., THOMAS, A. L., WEBSTER, J. M., MIYAIRI, Y . FALLON, S. Rapid glaciation and a two-step sea level plunge into the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 2018. Vol. 559, Nº 7715, p. 603.
YOKOYAMA, Y., LAMBECK, K., DE DECKKER, P., JOHNSTON, P., & FIFIELD, L. K. Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum from observed sea-level minima. Nature, 2000, Vol. 406, Nº 6797, p. 713.
ZAZO, C. Explorando las costas de un pasado reciente: los cambios del nivel del mar. Madrid: Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 2015.
ZAZO, C., GOY, J. L., SOMOZA, L., DABRIO, C. J., BELLUOMINI, G., IMPROTA, S., & SILVA, P. G. Holocene sequence of sea-level fluctuations in relation to climatic trends in the Atlantic-Mediterranean linkage coast. Journal of Coastal Research,1994, Vol. 10, Nº 4, p. 933-945
BARRAGÁN, D. La línea de costa flandriense en el paleoestuario del río Guadalquivir (c. 6500 BP. Revista Atlántica-Mediterránea de Prehistoria y Arqueología Social, 2016, vol. 18, p. 111-138.
BLONDER, B., ENQUIST, B. J., GRAAE, B. J., KATTGE, J., MAITNER, B. S., MORUETA‐HOLME, N., & VALDES, P. J. . Late Quaternary climate legacies in contemporary plant functional composition. Global change biology, 2018, Vol. 24, Nº 10, p. 4827-4840.
CHURCH, J. A., CLARK, P. U., CAZENAVE, A., GREGORY, J. M., JEVREJEVA, S., LEVERMANN, A., & PAYNE, A. J. Sea level change, 2013, PM Cambridge University Press.
CLAPPERTON, C. M. La última glaciación y deglaciación en el Estrecho de Magallanes: Implicaciones para el poblamiento de Tierra del Fuego. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia, 1992, Vol. 21, 113-128
COOPER, J. A. G., GREEN, A. N., & COMPTON, J. S. Sea-level change in southern Africa since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2018, Nº 201, 303-318.
EHLERS, J., GIBBARD, P. L., & HUGHES, P. D. Quaternary Glaciations and Chronology. En: MENZIES, J. & VAN DER MEER, J. Past Glacial Environments, 2018, p. 77-101. Ámsterdam: Elsevier.
FAIRBANKS, R. G. A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation. Nature, 1989, Vol. 342, Nº 6250, p. 637.
FRAILE JURADO, P. Análisis de las problemáticas asociadas a la espacialización, evolución y representación de niveles del mar presentes y futuros en Andalucía. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla, 2011.
FRAILE-JURADO, P., & OJEDA-ZÚJAR, J. The importance of the vertical accuracy of digital elevation models in gauging inundation by sea level rise along the Valdelagrana beach and marshes (Bay of Cádiz, SW Spain). Geo-Marine Letters, 2013, Vol. 33, Nª 2-3, p. 225-230.
GARCIA‐CASTELLANOS, D., FERNANDEZ, M., & TORNÉ, M. Modeling the evolution of the Guadalquivir foreland basin (southern Spain). Tectonics, 2002, Vol. 21, Nº 3, p. 9-1.
GELABERT, B., BALAGUER, P., FORNÓS, J. J., & GÓMEZ-PUJOL, L. El papel de la estructura en la formación y evolución de un acantilado costero del sureste de Mallorca (Illes Balears). Geomorfología Litoral: Migjorn y Llevant de Mallorca, 2007, Nº 15, p. 125-134.
GESCH, D. B. Analysis of lidar elevation data for improved identification and delineation of lands vulnerable to sea-level rise. Journal of Coastal Research, 2009, Vol. 53, p. 49-58.
GRACIA, F. J., RODRÍGUEZ VIDAL, J., BENAVENTE, J., CÁCERES, L., & LÓPEZ AGUAYO, F. Tectónica cuaternaria en la Bahía de Cádiz. Avances en el estudio del Cuaternario español, 1999, Vol. 1, p. 67-74.
KOPP, R. E., KEMP, A. C., BITTERMANN, K., HORTON, B. P., DONNELLY, J. P., GEHRELS, W. R., & RAHMSTORF, S. Temperature-driven global sea-level variability in the Common Era. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016, Vol. 113, Nº 11, p. 1434-1441.
LAMBECK, K., & CHAPPELL, J. Sea level change through the last glacial cycle. Science, 2001, Vol. 292, Nº 5517, p. 679-686.
LAMBECK, K., YOKOYAMA, Y., & PURCELL, T. Into and out of the Last Glacial Maximum: sea-level change during Oxygen Isotope Stages 3 and 2. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2002, Vol. 21, Nº 1-3, p. 343-360.
MALONE, A. G., PIERREHUMBERT, R. T., LOWELL, T. V., KELLY, M. A., & STROUP, J. S. onstraints on southern hemisphere tropical climate change during the Little Ice Age and Younger Dryas based on glacier modeling of the Quelccaya Ice Cap, Peru. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2015, Vol. 125, p. 106-116.
MARKGRAF, V. Younger Dryas in southern South America?. Boreas, 1991, Vol. 20, Nº 1, p. 63-69.
MARKGRAF, V. Younger Dryas in southernmost South America—an update. Quaternary Science Reviews, 1993, Vol. 12, Nº 5, p. 351-355.
MILNE, G. A., LONG, A. J., & BASSETT, S. E. Modelling Holocene relative sea-level observations from the Caribbean and South America. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2005, Vol. 24, Nº 10-11, p. 1183-1202.
OJEDA ZÚJAR, J. (1989). La dinámica litoral reciente en la costa occidental de Andalucía. En: DÍAZ DEL OLMO, F., & RODRÍGUEZ VIDAL, J. Cuaternario en Andalucía Occidental. 1989, p. 123-132. Madrid: AEQUA.
OJEDA, J., ÁLVAREZ, J., MARTÍN, D., & FRAILE, P. El uso de las TIG para el cálculo del indice de vulnerabilidad costera (CVI) ante una potencial subida del nivel del mar en la costa andaluza (España). GeoFocus. Revista Internacional de Ciencia y Tecnología de la Información Geográfica, 2009, Nº 9, p. 83-100.
PAILLARD, D. Quaternary glaciations: from observations to theories. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2915, Vol. 107, p. 11-24.
PFEFFER, W. T., HARPER, J. T., & O'NEEL, S. Kinematic constraints on glacier contributions to 21st-century sea-level rise. Science, 2008, Vol. 321, Nº 5894, p. 1340-1343.
PIRAZZOLI, P. A. Sea-level changes: the last 20 000 years. Oceanographic Literature Review, 1997, Vol. 8, Nº 44, p. 785.
POULTER, B., & HALPIN, P. N. Raster modelling of coastal flooding from sea‐level rise. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 2008, Vol. 22. Nº 2, p. 167-182.
PRIETO CAMPOS, A. Metodología para el cálculo, explotación y difusión de líneas de costa y tasas de erosión a medio plazo (1956-2011) en Andalucía. Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla, 2017.
RAHMSTORF, S. A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise. Science, 2007, Vol. 315, Nº 5810, p. 368-370.
RENSSEN, H., MAIRESSE, A., GOOSSE, H., MATHIOT, P., HEIRI, O., ROCHE, D. M., & VALDES, P. J. Multiple causes of the Younger Dryas cold period. Nature Geoscience, 2015, Vol. 8, Nº 12, p. 946.
ROSAS, F. M., DUARTE, J. C., TERRINHA, P., VALADARES, V., & MATIAS, L. Morphotectonic characterization of major bathymetric lineaments in Gulf of Cadiz (Africa–Iberia plate boundary): insights from analogue modelling experiments. Marine Geology, 2009, Vol. 261, Nº 1-4, p. 33-47.
SALVANY DURAN, J. M., MEDIAVILLA, C., & REBOLLO, A. Las formaciones Plio-Cuaternarias de El Abalario, en el litoral de la provincia de Huelva (España). Estudios geologicos (Madrid), 2010, Vol. 2, Nº 66, p. 209-225.
SATHIAMURTHY, E., & VORIS, H. K. Maps of Holocene sea level transgression and submerged lakes on the Sunda Shelf. Tropical Natural History, 2006, Vol. 2, p. 1-44.
SIDDALL, M., ROHLING, E. J., ALMOGI-LABIN, A., HEMLEBEN, C., MEISCHNER, D., SCHMELZER, I., & SMEED, D. A. Sea-level fluctuations during the last glacial cycle. Nature, 2003, Vol. 423, Nº 6942, p. 853.
SILVA, P. G., BARDAJÍ, T., ROQUERO, E., BAENA-PREYSLER, J., CEARRETA, A., RODRÍGUEZ-PASCUA, M. A., & GOY, J. L. El Periodo Cuaternario: La Historia Geológica de la Prehistoria. Cuaternario y Geomorfología, 2017, Vol. 31, Nº 3-4, p. 113-154.
STOCKER, T. F., QIN, D., PLATTNER, G. K., TIGNOR, M., ALLEN, S. K., BOSCHUNG, J., & MIDGLEY, P. M. Climate change 2013: The physical science basis, 2013. Nueva Yotk: Cambridge University Press.
URIARTE, A. Historia del Clima de la Tierra, 2003. Bilbao: Servicio Central de Publicaciones del Gobierno Vasco.
VORIS, H. K. Maps of Pleistocene sea levels in Southeast Asia: shorelines, river systems and time durations. Journal of Biogeography, 2000, Vol 27, Nº 5, p. 1153-1167.
YI, S., YOO, D. G., & CHEUL KIM, J. Palynological implications for paleoceanography of South Sea, offshore Korea over the past 30,000 years: a preliminary result. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 2018, Vol. 20, p. 110-119.
YOKOYAMA, Y., ESAT, T. M., THOMPSON, W. G., THOMAS, A. L., WEBSTER, J. M., MIYAIRI, Y . FALLON, S. Rapid glaciation and a two-step sea level plunge into the Last Glacial Maximum. Nature, 2018. Vol. 559, Nº 7715, p. 603.
YOKOYAMA, Y., LAMBECK, K., DE DECKKER, P., JOHNSTON, P., & FIFIELD, L. K. Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum from observed sea-level minima. Nature, 2000, Vol. 406, Nº 6797, p. 713.
ZAZO, C. Explorando las costas de un pasado reciente: los cambios del nivel del mar. Madrid: Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 2015.
ZAZO, C., GOY, J. L., SOMOZA, L., DABRIO, C. J., BELLUOMINI, G., IMPROTA, S., & SILVA, P. G. Holocene sequence of sea-level fluctuations in relation to climatic trends in the Atlantic-Mediterranean linkage coast. Journal of Coastal Research,1994, Vol. 10, Nº 4, p. 933-945
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2022-06-23
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Fraile Jurado, P., & Mejías García, J. C. (2022). Method for the calculation, analysis and spatial representation of the variable "time submerged below sea level during the last glaciation" on the Gulf of Cádiz continental shelf (Spain and Portugal). Revista De Geografía Norte Grande, (81), 183–205. Retrieved from https://revistahistoria.uc.cl/index.php/RGNG/article/view/18327
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