São bots? Automatização nas redes sociais durante a campanha presidencial no Chile 2017
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.44.1629Palavras-chave:
bots, propaganda, eleições, redes sociais, democraciaResumo
A pesquisa buscou, estratégias automatizadas de criação ou difusão de propaganda eleitoral em redes sociais durante a campanha presidencial do Chile em 2017. Do Twitter obtivemos quase 2 milhões de tweets que ocuparam hashtags eleitorais ou ligados a um dos candidatos ou suas campanhas, enquanto o Facebook analisou 2927 publicações oficiais dos candidatos e 453.668 comentários. No que diz respeito ao Facebook o comportamento era relativamente normal, no Twitter foi descoberto que havia legiãos digitais que agem autonomamente tentando criar ilusão de apoio nas bases durante o primeiro turno.
Referências
About suspended accounts. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved from https://help.twitter.com/en/managing-youraccount/suspended-twitter-accounts
Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-236. Retrieved from https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.31.2.211
Arnaudo, D. (2017). Computational Propaganda in Brazil: Social Bots During Elections. Working Paper No. 2017.8. Oxford: Project on Computational Propaganda. Retrieved from https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/politicalbots/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/06/Comprop-Brazil-1.pdf
Arroba Rimassa, J., Llopis, F., Muñoz, R., & Gutiérrez, Y. (2018). Using the Twitter social network as a predictor in the political decision. Paper presented at CICLing 2018, 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing, Hanoi, Vietnam. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10045/76464
Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130-1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160
Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Bennett, W. L. & Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317
Bennett, W. L., Segerberg, A., & Yang, Y. (2018). The Strength of Peripheral Networks: Negotiating Attention and Meaning in Complex Media Ecologies. Journal of Communication, 68(4), 659-684. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy032
Blondel, V., Guillaume, J., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E.(2008). Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2008(10). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008
Bond, R. & Messing, S. (2015). Quantifying Social Media’s Political Space: Estimating Ideology from Publicly Revealed Preferences on Facebook. American Political Science Review, 109(1), 62-78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000525
Bradshaw, S. & Howard, P. N. (2017). Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Oxford Internet Institute. Retrieved from https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cef7e8d9-27bf-4ea5-9fd6-855209b3e1f6
Bradshaw, S. & Howard, P. N. (2018). Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Oxford Internet Institute. Retrieved from http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wpcontent/uploads/sites/93/2018/07/ct2018.pdf
Braga, S. & Carlomagno, M. (2018). Eleições como de costume? Uma análise longitudinal das mudanças provocadas nas campanhas eleitorais brasileiras pelas tecnologias digitais (1998-2016) (Elections as usual? longitudinal analysis of the changes caused by digital technologies in Brazilian electoral campaigns (1998-2016)). Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, (26), 7-62. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-335220182601
Chadwick, A. (2013). The hybrid media system: politics and power. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.001.0001
Filer, T. & Fredheim, R. (2017). Popular with the Robots: Accusation and Automation in the Argentine Presidential Elections, 2015. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 30(3), 259-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-016-9233-7
Forelle, M., Howard, P. N., Monroy-Hernandez, A., & Savage, S. (2015). Political Bots and the Manipulation of Public Opinion in Venezuela. arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.07109. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.07109
Gallacher, J. D., Kaminska, M., Kollanyi, B., & Howard, P. N. (2017). Junk News and Bots during the 2017 UK General Election: What Are UK Voters Sharing Over Twitter? Technical report, Data Memo 2017.5. Project on Computational Propaganda, Oxford. Retrieved from https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/06/Junk-News-and-Bots-during-the-2017-UK-General-Election.pdf
Glowacki, M., Narayanan, V., Maynard, S., Hirsch, G., Kollanyi, B., Neudert, L., … & Barash, V. (2018, June 29). News and Political Information Consumption in Mexico: Mapping the 2018 Mexican Presidential Election on Twitter and Facebook. The Computational Propaganda Project. Retrieved from http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/working-papers/mexico2018/
Habermas, J. (2006). Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research. Communication Theory, 16(4), 411-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00280.x
Howard, P. N. (2015). Pax Technica: How the Internet of Things May Set Us Free or Lock Us Up. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Howard, P. N., Savage, S., Flores Saviaga, C., Toxtli, C., & Monroy-Hernandez, A. (2017). Social Media, Civic Engagement, and the Slacktivism Hypothesis: Lessons From Mexico’s “El Bronco”. Journal of International Affairs, 70(1), 55-73. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/90012597
Howard, P. N., Woolley, S., & Calo, R. (2018). Algorithms, bots, and political communication in the US 2016 election: The challenge of automated political communication for election law and administration. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 15(2), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2018.1448735
Hurlock, J. & Wilson, M. L. (2011, July). Searching Twitter: Separating the Tweet from the Chaff. In Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (pp. 161-168). AAAI Publications. Retrieved from https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM11/paper/viewPaper/2819
Hwang, T. (2017). Dealing with Disinformation: Evaluating the Case for CDA 230 Amendment (SSRN Scholarly Paper Nº ID 3089442). Retrieved from Social Science Research Network website: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3089442
La Tercera. (2017a, November 16). #EleccionesLT ¿Cómo funcionará la Ley Seca el día de las votaciones? Acá te lo explicamos #EleccionesChile (#EleccionesLT How will alcohol prohibition work on voting day? We explain it to you #EleccionesChile) (Twitter post). Retrieved from https://twitter.com/latercera/status/931372075465433088
La Tercera. (2017b, November 14). #EleccionesLT | ¿Vas a votar y no sabes hasta qué hora puedes hacerlo? Acá te contamos #EleccionesChile (#EleccionesLT | You are going to vote and do not know until what time can you do it? We tell you! #EleccionesChile) (Twitter post). Retrieved from https://twitter.com/latercera/status/930408641575948288
Noble. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: how search engines reinforce racism. New York: New York University Press.
Noelle-Neumann, E. (1984). The spiral of silence: public opinion, our social skin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Papacharissi, Z. (2010). A Private Sphere: Democracy in a Digital Age. Malden: Polity Press.
Pariser, E. (2012). The Filter Bubble: How the New Personalized Web is Changing what We Read and how We Think. London: Penguin Books.
Persily, N. (2017). The 2016 U.S. Election: Can Democracy Survive the Internet? Journal of Democracy, 28(2), 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0025
Puyosa, I. (2017). Bots políticos en Twitter en la campaña presidencial #Ecuador2017 (Political Bots on Twitter in #Ecuador2017 Presidential Campaigns). Contratexto, (027), 39-60. https://doi.org/10.26439/contratexto.2017.027.002
Saa, M. (2017, November 13). Carolina Goic a la presidencia! Y en el distrito 10 Nicolás Muñoz debe ser diputado! Hagamos las cosas bien con ética y responsabilidad #GanemosConGoic #YoMeAtrevo #PorLoJusto (Carolina Goic for president! And in the 10th district, Nicolás Muñoz must be a deputy! Let’s do things well with ethics and responsibility #GanemosConGoic #YoMeAtrevo #PorLoJusto) (Twitter post). Retrieved from https://twitter.com/ManuelSaa5/status/930162386434174977
Santana, L. E. (2015). From the Village to the Global Village: An Alternative Model of Collective Action in Digital Media Networks (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/33130
Savage, S. & Monroy-Hernández, A. (2015). Participatory Militias: An Analysis of an Armed Movement’s Online Audience. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing - CSCW ’15 (pp. 724-733). New York: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675295
Sence Chile. (2017, November 5). Participar en las #Elecciones2017 es la única manera de hacer valer tu opinión. ¡No te restes, súmate! (Participating in #Elecciones2017 is the only way to assert your opinion. Don’t stay apart, come on!) (Twitter post). Retrieved from https://twitter.com/SenceChile/status/927289421115936770
Servicio Electoral de Chile. (2017). Manual de Consulta de Campaña y Propaganda Electoral 2017 (Campaign and Electoral Propaganda 2017 Handbook) (PDF file). Retrieved from https://www.servel.cl/wpcontent/uploads/2017/08/Manual_de_Propaganda_Electoral_21-08-2017.pdf
Servicio Electoral de Chile. (2018). Ingresos y gastos de candidatos (Candidate’s earnings and spending). Retrieved from https://www.servel.cl/ingresos-y-gastos-de-candidatos/
Tufekci, Z. (2016). As the pirates become CEOs: The closing of the open internet. Daedalus, 145(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00366
Valenzuela, S., Arriagada, A., Somma, N., & Scherman, A. (2016). Social Media in Latin America: Deepening or Bridging Gaps in Protest Participation? Online Information Review, 40(5), 695-711. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-11-2015-0347
Valenzuela, S., Piña, M., & Ramírez, J. (2017). Behavioral Effects of Framing on Social Media Users: How Conflict, Economic, Human Interest, and Morality Frames Drive News Sharing. Journal of Communication, 67(5), 803-826. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12325
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146-1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
Allcott, H. & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), 211-236. Retrieved from https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.31.2.211
Arnaudo, D. (2017). Computational Propaganda in Brazil: Social Bots During Elections. Working Paper No. 2017.8. Oxford: Project on Computational Propaganda. Retrieved from https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/politicalbots/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/06/Comprop-Brazil-1.pdf
Arroba Rimassa, J., Llopis, F., Muñoz, R., & Gutiérrez, Y. (2018). Using the Twitter social network as a predictor in the political decision. Paper presented at CICLing 2018, 19th International Conference on Computational Linguistics and Intelligent Text Processing, Hanoi, Vietnam. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10045/76464
Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130-1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160
Benkler, Y. (2006). The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Bennett, W. L. & Livingston, S. (2018). The disinformation order: Disruptive communication and the decline of democratic institutions. European Journal of Communication, 33(2), 122-139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323118760317
Bennett, W. L., Segerberg, A., & Yang, Y. (2018). The Strength of Peripheral Networks: Negotiating Attention and Meaning in Complex Media Ecologies. Journal of Communication, 68(4), 659-684. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqy032
Blondel, V., Guillaume, J., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E.(2008). Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2008(10). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008
Bond, R. & Messing, S. (2015). Quantifying Social Media’s Political Space: Estimating Ideology from Publicly Revealed Preferences on Facebook. American Political Science Review, 109(1), 62-78. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055414000525
Bradshaw, S. & Howard, P. N. (2017). Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Oxford Internet Institute. Retrieved from https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cef7e8d9-27bf-4ea5-9fd6-855209b3e1f6
Bradshaw, S. & Howard, P. N. (2018). Challenging Truth and Trust: A Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation. Oxford Internet Institute. Retrieved from http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/wpcontent/uploads/sites/93/2018/07/ct2018.pdf
Braga, S. & Carlomagno, M. (2018). Eleições como de costume? Uma análise longitudinal das mudanças provocadas nas campanhas eleitorais brasileiras pelas tecnologias digitais (1998-2016) (Elections as usual? longitudinal analysis of the changes caused by digital technologies in Brazilian electoral campaigns (1998-2016)). Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, (26), 7-62. https://doi.org/10.1590/0103-335220182601
Chadwick, A. (2013). The hybrid media system: politics and power. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199759477.001.0001
Filer, T. & Fredheim, R. (2017). Popular with the Robots: Accusation and Automation in the Argentine Presidential Elections, 2015. International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society, 30(3), 259-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-016-9233-7
Forelle, M., Howard, P. N., Monroy-Hernandez, A., & Savage, S. (2015). Political Bots and the Manipulation of Public Opinion in Venezuela. arXiv preprint arXiv:1507.07109. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.07109
Gallacher, J. D., Kaminska, M., Kollanyi, B., & Howard, P. N. (2017). Junk News and Bots during the 2017 UK General Election: What Are UK Voters Sharing Over Twitter? Technical report, Data Memo 2017.5. Project on Computational Propaganda, Oxford. Retrieved from https://blogs.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/89/2017/06/Junk-News-and-Bots-during-the-2017-UK-General-Election.pdf
Glowacki, M., Narayanan, V., Maynard, S., Hirsch, G., Kollanyi, B., Neudert, L., … & Barash, V. (2018, June 29). News and Political Information Consumption in Mexico: Mapping the 2018 Mexican Presidential Election on Twitter and Facebook. The Computational Propaganda Project. Retrieved from http://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/working-papers/mexico2018/
Habermas, J. (2006). Political Communication in Media Society: Does Democracy Still Enjoy an Epistemic Dimension? The Impact of Normative Theory on Empirical Research. Communication Theory, 16(4), 411-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2006.00280.x
Howard, P. N. (2015). Pax Technica: How the Internet of Things May Set Us Free or Lock Us Up. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Howard, P. N., Savage, S., Flores Saviaga, C., Toxtli, C., & Monroy-Hernandez, A. (2017). Social Media, Civic Engagement, and the Slacktivism Hypothesis: Lessons From Mexico’s “El Bronco”. Journal of International Affairs, 70(1), 55-73. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/90012597
Howard, P. N., Woolley, S., & Calo, R. (2018). Algorithms, bots, and political communication in the US 2016 election: The challenge of automated political communication for election law and administration. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, 15(2), 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/19331681.2018.1448735
Hurlock, J. & Wilson, M. L. (2011, July). Searching Twitter: Separating the Tweet from the Chaff. In Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (pp. 161-168). AAAI Publications. Retrieved from https://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/ICWSM11/paper/viewPaper/2819
Hwang, T. (2017). Dealing with Disinformation: Evaluating the Case for CDA 230 Amendment (SSRN Scholarly Paper Nº ID 3089442). Retrieved from Social Science Research Network website: https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=3089442
La Tercera. (2017a, November 16). #EleccionesLT ¿Cómo funcionará la Ley Seca el día de las votaciones? Acá te lo explicamos #EleccionesChile (#EleccionesLT How will alcohol prohibition work on voting day? We explain it to you #EleccionesChile) (Twitter post). Retrieved from https://twitter.com/latercera/status/931372075465433088
La Tercera. (2017b, November 14). #EleccionesLT | ¿Vas a votar y no sabes hasta qué hora puedes hacerlo? Acá te contamos #EleccionesChile (#EleccionesLT | You are going to vote and do not know until what time can you do it? We tell you! #EleccionesChile) (Twitter post). Retrieved from https://twitter.com/latercera/status/930408641575948288
Noble. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: how search engines reinforce racism. New York: New York University Press.
Noelle-Neumann, E. (1984). The spiral of silence: public opinion, our social skin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Papacharissi, Z. (2010). A Private Sphere: Democracy in a Digital Age. Malden: Polity Press.
Pariser, E. (2012). The Filter Bubble: How the New Personalized Web is Changing what We Read and how We Think. London: Penguin Books.
Persily, N. (2017). The 2016 U.S. Election: Can Democracy Survive the Internet? Journal of Democracy, 28(2), 64-76. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2017.0025
Puyosa, I. (2017). Bots políticos en Twitter en la campaña presidencial #Ecuador2017 (Political Bots on Twitter in #Ecuador2017 Presidential Campaigns). Contratexto, (027), 39-60. https://doi.org/10.26439/contratexto.2017.027.002
Saa, M. (2017, November 13). Carolina Goic a la presidencia! Y en el distrito 10 Nicolás Muñoz debe ser diputado! Hagamos las cosas bien con ética y responsabilidad #GanemosConGoic #YoMeAtrevo #PorLoJusto (Carolina Goic for president! And in the 10th district, Nicolás Muñoz must be a deputy! Let’s do things well with ethics and responsibility #GanemosConGoic #YoMeAtrevo #PorLoJusto) (Twitter post). Retrieved from https://twitter.com/ManuelSaa5/status/930162386434174977
Santana, L. E. (2015). From the Village to the Global Village: An Alternative Model of Collective Action in Digital Media Networks (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/33130
Savage, S. & Monroy-Hernández, A. (2015). Participatory Militias: An Analysis of an Armed Movement’s Online Audience. In Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing - CSCW ’15 (pp. 724-733). New York: ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675295
Sence Chile. (2017, November 5). Participar en las #Elecciones2017 es la única manera de hacer valer tu opinión. ¡No te restes, súmate! (Participating in #Elecciones2017 is the only way to assert your opinion. Don’t stay apart, come on!) (Twitter post). Retrieved from https://twitter.com/SenceChile/status/927289421115936770
Servicio Electoral de Chile. (2017). Manual de Consulta de Campaña y Propaganda Electoral 2017 (Campaign and Electoral Propaganda 2017 Handbook) (PDF file). Retrieved from https://www.servel.cl/wpcontent/uploads/2017/08/Manual_de_Propaganda_Electoral_21-08-2017.pdf
Servicio Electoral de Chile. (2018). Ingresos y gastos de candidatos (Candidate’s earnings and spending). Retrieved from https://www.servel.cl/ingresos-y-gastos-de-candidatos/
Tufekci, Z. (2016). As the pirates become CEOs: The closing of the open internet. Daedalus, 145(1), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00366
Valenzuela, S., Arriagada, A., Somma, N., & Scherman, A. (2016). Social Media in Latin America: Deepening or Bridging Gaps in Protest Participation? Online Information Review, 40(5), 695-711. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-11-2015-0347
Valenzuela, S., Piña, M., & Ramírez, J. (2017). Behavioral Effects of Framing on Social Media Users: How Conflict, Economic, Human Interest, and Morality Frames Drive News Sharing. Journal of Communication, 67(5), 803-826. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12325
Vosoughi, S., Roy, D., & Aral, S. (2018). The spread of true and false news online. Science, 359(6380), 1146-1151. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9559
Downloads
Publicado
2020-07-24
Como Citar
Santana, L. E., & Huerta Cánepa, G. (2020). São bots? Automatização nas redes sociais durante a campanha presidencial no Chile 2017. Cuadernos.Info, (44), 61–77. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.44.1629
Edição
Seção
YEMA CENTRAL
