Información política en plataformas de redes sociales y participación electoral: evidencia desde Chile utilizando Full Matching

Autores/as

  • Matías Gómez-Contreras Universidad Central de Chile
  • Felipe González-López Universidad Central de Chile

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.53.43025

Palabras clave:

plataformas de redes sociales, información política, participación electoral, decisión de voto, Chile, Full Matching, Facebook, Twitter

Resumen

Un gran número de investigaciones estudia la relación entre el uso de las
plataformas de redes sociales y distintas formas de participación política. Sin embargo, la evidencia respecto del rol en la participación electoral es reducida, sobre todo para
el contexto de América Latina. Esta investigación busca analizar la relación entre el consumo de información política en Facebook y Twitter y la concurrencia a votar en las elecciones en Chile. Para ello, se utilizan datos provenientes de encuestas de opinión pública que miden la participación en los comicios de 2013 y de 2017 (n=7736). Se aplica la técnica de Full Matching (FM) para reducir el sesgo de (auto)selección presente en estudios observacionales y realizar comparaciones válidas. Se contrastan
las estimaciones antes y después de la aplicación del FM, encontrando diferencias relevantes. Los resultados con FM señalan que el consumo de información política en las plataformas de redes sociales no se asocia con la participación electoral en el periodo de estudio. Esto abre una discusión respecto de los diversos tipos de uso de las plataformas y la participación electoral.

Descargas

Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.

Biografía del autor/a

Matías Gómez-Contreras, Universidad Central de Chile

Sociólogo y Magíster en Sociología. Profesor Asistente en la Escuela de Gobierno y Comunicaciones de la Universidad Central de Chile. Actualmente cursa el doctorado en Sociología en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.

Felipe González-López, Universidad Central de Chile

Doctor en Ciencias Sociales por el Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Universität zu Köln, Alemania. Profesor Titular de la Universidad Central de Chile. Es director del Instituto de Posgrado e Investigación de la Facultad de Economía, Gobierno y Comunicaciones en la misma casa de estudios.

Citas

Ahmadi, M. & Wohn, D. Y. (2018). The Antecedents of Incidental News Exposure on Social Media.

Social Media + Society, 4(2), 2056305118772827. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305118772827

Bacallao-Pino, L. M. (2016). Redes sociales, acción colectiva y elecciones: los usos de Facebook

por el movimiento estudiantil chileno durante la campaña electoral de 2013 (Social Networks, Collective Action and Elections: How the Chilean Student Movement Used Facebook during the 2013 Electoral Campaign). Palabra Clave, 19(3), 810-837. https://doi.org/10.5294/pacla.2016.19.3.6

Bachmann, I., Kaufhold, K., Lewis, S. C., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2010). News Platform Preference: Advancing the Effects of Age and Media Consumption on Political Participation. International Journal of Internet Science, 5(1), 34-47. https://www.ijis.net/ijis5_1/ijis5_1_bachmann_et_al_pre.html

Bargsted, M., Somma, N. M., & Muñoz-Rojas, B. (2019). Participación electoral en Chile. Una aproximación de edad, período y cohorte (Electoral Turnout in Chile: An Age-Period-Cohort Approach). Revista de ciencia política (Santiago), 39(1), 75-98. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2019000100075

Benesch, C. (2012). An Empirical Analysis of the Gender Gap in News Consumption. Journal of Media Economics, 25(3), 147-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/08997764.2012.700976

Bergström, A., Strömbäck, J., & Arkhede, S. (2019). Towards rising inequalities in newspaper and television news consumption? A longitudinal analysis, 2000–2016. European Journal of Communication, 34(2), 175-189. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119830048

Boulianne, S. (2011). Stimulating or Reinforcing Political Interest: Using Panel Data to Examine Reciprocal Effects Between News Media and Political Interest. Political Communication, 28(2), 147-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2010.540305

Boulianne, S. (2015). Social media use and participation: a meta-analysis of current research. Information, Communication & Society, 18(5), 524-538. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2015.1008542

Boulianne, S. & Theocharis, Y. (2020). Young People, Digital Media, and Engagement: A Meta-Analysis of Research. Social Science Computer Review, 38(2), 111-127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439318814190

Brookhart, M. A., Schneeweiss, S., Rothman, K. J., Glynn, R. J., Avorn, J., & Stürmer, T. (2006). Variable Selection for Propensity Score Models. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163(12), 1149-1156. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj149

Bruns, A. (2015). Making Sense of Society Through Social Media. Social Media + Society, 1(1), 2056305115578679. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305115578679

Cabalin, C. (2014). Estudiantes conectados y movilizados: El uso de Facebook en las protestas estudiantiles en Chile (Online and mobilized students: The use of Facebook in the Chilean student protests). Comunicar, 43, 25-33. https://doi.org/10.3916/C43-2014-02

Cárdenas, A., Ballesteros, C., & Jara, R. (2017). Redes sociales y campañas electorales en Iberoamérica. Un análisis comparativo de los casos de España, México y Chile (Social networks and electoral campaigns in Latin America. A comparative analysis of the cases of Spain, Mexico and Chile). Cuadernos.Info, (41), 19-40. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.41.1259

Chae, Y., Lee, S., & Kim, Y. (2019). Meta-analysis of the relationship between Internet use and political participation: examining main and moderating effects. Asian Journal of Communication, 29(1), 35-54. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2018.1499121

Contreras, G. & Navia, P. (2013). Diferencias generacionales en la participación electoral en Chile, 1988-2010 (Generational Differences in Electoral Participation in Chile, 1988-2010). Revista de ciencia política (Santiago), 33(2), 419-441. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2013000200001

Correa, T. & Valenzuela, S. (2021). A trend study in the stratification of social media use among urban youth: Chile 2009-2019. Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media, 1. https://doi.org/10.51685/jqd.2021.009

Corrigall-Brown, C. & Wilkes, R. (2014). Media exposure and the engaged citizen: How the media shape political participation. The Social Science Journal, 51(3), 408-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2014.03.009

Corvalan, A. & Cox, P. (2013). Class-Biased Electoral Participation: The Youth Vote in Chile. Latin American Politics and Society, 55(3), 47-68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2013.00202.x

Fletcher, R. & Nielsen, R. K. (2018). Are people incidentally exposed to news on social media? A comparative analysis. New Media & Society, 20(7), 2450-2468. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817724170

Gerber, A. S., Karlan, D., & Bergan, D. (2009). Does the Media Matter? A Field Experiment Measuring the Effect of Newspapers on Voting Behavior and Political Opinions. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 1(2), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.1257/app.1.2.35

Gil de Zúñiga, H., Jung, N., & Valenzuela, S. (2012). Social Media Use for News and Individuals' Social Capital, Civic Engagement and Political Participation. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 17(3), 319-336. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01574.x

Gómez Contreras, M. & González López, F. (2022). Brechas en el consumo de información política

en Chile: televisión, prensa y plataformas de redes sociales (2011-2019) (Gaps in the Political Information Consumption in Chile: Television, Press, and Social Media (2011-2019)). Perspectivas de la Comunicación, 15(1), 77-109. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-48672022000100077

Hernán, M. A. & Robins, J. M. (2020). Selection bias. In M. A. Hernán & J. M. Robins (Eds.), Causal Inference: What If (pp. 99-112). Champman & Hall/CRC.

Holt, K., Shehata, A., Strömbäck, J., & Ljungberg, E. (2013). Age and the effects of news media attention and social media use on political interest and participation: Do social media function as leveller? European Journal of Communication, 28(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323112465369

Hopke, J. E., Gabay, I., Kim, S. C., & Rojas, H. (2016). Mobile phones and political participation in Colombia: Mobile Twitter versus mobile Facebook. Communication and the Public, 1(2), 159-173. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057047316642607

Ksiazek, T. B., Kim, S. J., & Malthouse, E. C. (2019). Television News Repertoires, Exposure Diversity, and Voting Behavior in the 2016 U.S. Election. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 96(4), 1120-1144. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699018815892

Lee, S. & Xenos, M. (2020). Incidental news exposure via social media and political participation: Evidence of reciprocal effects. New Media & Society, 24(1), 178-201. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444820962121

Leite, W. (2017). Practical Propensity Score Methods Using R. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802854

Loader, B. D., Vromen, A., & Xenos, M. A. (2014). The networked young citizen: social media, political participation and civic engagement. Information, Communication & Society, 17(2), 143-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.871571

Maldonado, L., Kronmüller, E., & Gutiérrez, I. (2016). Estrategia para la inferencia causal y planificación de estudios observacionales en las ciencias sociales: el caso de Chaitén post erupción del 2008 (A Strategy for Causal Inference and the Planning of Observational Studies in the Social Sciences: The Case of Chaitén after the Volcanic Eruptions of 2008). Revista de ciencia política (Santiago), 36(3), 797-827. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-090X2016000300010

McCay-Peet, L. & Quan-Haase, A. (2016). What is Social Media and What Questions Can Social Media Research Help Us Answer? In L. Sloan & A. Quan-Haase (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Social Media Research Methods (pp. 13-26). SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473983847

Millaleo, S. & Velasco, P. (2013). Activismo digital en Chile: Repertorios de contención e iniciativas ciudadanas (Digital activism in Chile: repertories of contention and citizen initiatives). Fundación Democraciay Desarrollo.

Navia, P. & Ulriksen, C. (2017). Tuiteo, luego voto. El efecto del consumo de medios de comunicación y uso de redes sociales en la participación electoral en Chile en 2009 y 2013 (I tweet, then I vote. The effect of media consumption and the use of social networks on electoral participation in Chile, 2009-2013). Cuadernos.Info, (40), 71-88. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.40.1049

Ohlsson, J., Lindell, J., & Arkhede, S. (2017). A matter of cultural distinction: News consumption in the online media landscape. European Journal of Communication, 32(2), 116-130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323116680131

Ohme, J., de Vreese, C. H., & Albaek, E. (2018). The uncertain first-time voter: Effects of political media exposure on young citizens’ formation of vote choice in a digital media environment. New Media & Society, 20(9), 3243-3265. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817745017

Persily, N. & Tucker, J. A. (Eds.). (2020). Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108890960

Rosenbaum, P. R. (1991). A Characterization of Optimal Designs for Observational Studies. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), 53(3), 597-610. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1991.tb01848.x

Rosenbaum, P. R. & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41

Saldaña, M., McGregor, S. C., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2015). European Public Sphere| Social Media as a Public Space for Politics: Cross-National Comparison of News Consumption and Participatory Behaviors in the United States and the United Kingdom. International Journal of Communication, 9. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/3238

Saldaña, M. & Rosenberg, A. (2020). I Don’t Want You to Be My President! Incivility and Media Bias During the Presidential Election in Chile. Social Media + Society, 6(4), 2056305120969891. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305120969891

Salzman, R. (2015). Exploring Social Media Use and Protest Participation in Latin America. Journal of Latin American Communication Research, 5(2), 72-85. http://journal.pubalaic.org/index.php/jlacr/article/view/84

Santander, P., Elórtegui, C., González, C., Allende-Cid, H., & Palma, W. (2017). Redes sociales, inteligencia computacional y predicción electoral: el caso de las primarias presidenciales de Chile 2017 (Social networks, computational intelligence and electoral prediction: the case of the presidential primaries of Chile 2017). Cuadernos.info, (41), 41-56. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.41.1218

Scharkow, M., Mangold, F., Stier, S., & Breuer, J. (2020). How social network sites and other online intermediaries increase exposure to news. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(6), 2761-2763. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1918279117

Scherman, A., Arriagada, A., & Valenzuela, S. (2015). Student and Environmental Protests in Chile: The Role of Social Media. Politics, 35(2), 151-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.12072

Serrano Puche, J., Fernández, C. B., & Rodríguez Virgili, J. (2018). Información política y exposición incidental en las redes sociales: un análisis de Argentina, Chile, España y México (Political information and incidental exposure in social media: the cases of Argentina, Chile, Spain and Mexico). Doxa Comunicación. Revista Interdisciplinar de Estudios de Comunicación y Ciencias Sociales, (27), 19-42. https://revistascientificas.uspceu.com/doxacomunicacion/article/view/653

Shirky, C. (2011). The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change. Foreign Affairs, 90(1), 28-41. www.jstor.org/stable/25800379

Skoric, M. M., Zhu, Q., Goh, D., & Pang, N. (2016). Social media and citizen engagement: A metaanalytic review. New Media & Society, 18(9), 1817-1839. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815616221

Sola-Morales, S. & Rivera-Gallardo, R. (2015). Las redes sociales como catalizador del movimiento estudiantil chileno en 2011 (Social media as a trigger for the 2011 Chilean student movement). Chasqui: Revista Latinoamericana de Comunicación, (128), 37-52.

Sola-Morales, S. & Zurbano-Berenguer, B. (2021). Activismo digital y feminismo: Un análisis comparado de cibercampañas contra el acoso callejero en España, Marruecos y Chile (Feminist Digital Activism. A comparative analysis of cybercampaigns against street harassment in Spain, Morocco and Chile). COMUNICACIÓN. Revista Internacional de Comunicación Audiovisual, Publicidad y Estudios Culturales, 1(18), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.12795/Comunicacion.2020.i18.01

Sørensen, R. J. (2019). The Impact of State Television on Voter Turnout. British Journal of Political Science, 49(1), 257-278. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000712341600048X

Stukel, T. A., Fisher, E. S., Wennberg, D. E., Alter, D. A., Gottlieb, D. J., & Vermeulen, M. J. (2007). Analysis of Observational Studies in the Presence of Treatment Selection BiasEffects of Invasive Cardiac Management on AMI Survival Using Propensity Score and Instrumental Variable Methods. JAMA, 297(3), 278-285. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.3.278

Valenzuela, S. (2013). Unpacking the Use of Social Media for Protest Behavior:The Roles of Information, Opinion Expression, and Activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 920-942. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479375

Valenzuela, S., Arriagada, A., & Scherman, A. (2012). The Social Media Basis of Youth Protest Behavior: The Case of Chile. Journal of Communication, 62(2), 299-314. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01635.x

Valenzuela, S., Arriagada, A., & Scherman, A. (2014). Facebook, Twitter, and Youth Engagement: A Quasi-experimental Study of Social Media Use and Protest Behavior Using Propensity Score Matching. International Journal of Communication, 8, 2046-2070. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/2022/1189

Valenzuela, S., Correa, T., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2018). Ties, Likes, and Tweets: Using Strong and Weak Ties to Explain Differences in Protest Participation Across Facebook and Twitter Use. Political Communication, 35(1), 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2017.1334726

Valenzuela, S., Somma, N., Scherman, A., & Arriagada, A. (2016). Social media in Latin America: deepening or bridging gaps in protest participation? Online Information Review, 40(5), 695-711. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-11-2015-0347

Van Aelst, P., Strömbäck, J., Aalberg, T., Esser, F., de Vreese, C., Matthes, J., Hopmann, D., Salgado, S., Hubé, N., Stępińska, A., Papathanassopoulos, S., Berganza, R., Legnante, G., Reinemann, C., Sheafer, T., & Stanyer, J. (2017). Political communication in a highchoice media environment: a challenge for democracy? Annals of the International Communication Association, 41(1), 3-27. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1288551

Xenos, M., Vromen, A., & Loader, B. D. (2014). The great equalizer? Patterns of social media use and youth political engagement in three advanced democracies. Information, Communication & Society, 17(2), 151-167. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2013.871318

Yeandle, A. (2021). Does public broadcasting increase voter turnout? Evidence from the roll out of BBC radio in the 1920s. Electoral Studies, 74, 102407. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2021.102407

Zhuravskaya, E., Petrova, M., & Enikolopov, R. (2020). Political Effects of the Internet and Social Media. Annual Review of Economics, 12, 415-438. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-economics-081919-050239

Publicado

2022-09-29

Cómo citar

Gómez-Contreras, M., & González-López, F. (2022). Información política en plataformas de redes sociales y participación electoral: evidencia desde Chile utilizando Full Matching. Cuadernos.Info, (53), 95–116. https://doi.org/10.7764/cdi.53.43025